首先，我的 Apache HTTP 伺服器是架設在 Docker 的容器之中，所以一開始一定要將該容器的 port 80 跟 443 對外開放，這樣相對應的 HTTP 與 HTTPS 傳輸協定才能使用，訪客才能透過瀏覽器訪問我們的網站，不過由於我們尚未安裝 SSL 憑證，所以 HTTPS 連線暫時無法使用，為了讓它能正常運作，現在我們要利用 CertBot 這個工具，為容器內的 Apache 自動取得由 Let’s Encrypt 提供的免費 SSL 憑證。現在就開始吧！
▲ 這是 CertBot 的官方網站截圖，一般來說只要照著官網提供的選項，選擇您使用的作業系統及網頁伺服器架構，接著就能照著說明去執行相關指令完成自動 SSL 憑證申請，但由於我們的網頁伺服器是被關在 Docker 容器中，因此需要使用特殊的方式進行。另外要注意，CertBot 去申請的憑證來自 Let’s Encrypt，其憑證期限是三個月，所以必須定時更新，幸好 CertBot 有提供相對應的指令可以幫助我們更新憑證，文末會提及。
開始！打開終端機先 SSH 連線到伺服器，請先用 docker ps 查看容器名稱或 ID，接著輸入 docker exec -it [容器] bash 進入該容器並保持可輸入指令狀態，下 apt install certbot python3-certbot-apache -y 將 CertBot 安裝進容器內，再來用 certbot --apache 啟動機器人。
▲ 接著會看到以下文字內容：
root@123a45bbcccc:/var/log/letsencrypt# certbot --apache
Saving debug log to /var/log/letsencrypt/letsencrypt.log
Plugins selected: Authenticator apache, Installer apache
Enter email address (used for urgent renewal and security notices)
(Enter 'c' to cancel):
基本上需要先輸入 E-MAIL...
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Please read the Terms of Service at
https://letsencrypt.org/documents/LE-SA-v1.2-November-15-2017.pdf. You must
agree in order to register with the ACME server. Do you agree?
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
再來要同意註冊至 ACME 伺服器，請一定要 Y...
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Would you be willing, once your first certificate is successfully issued, to
share your email address with the Electronic Frontier Foundation, a founding
partner of the Let's Encrypt project and the non-profit organization that
develops Certbot? We'd like to send you email about our work encrypting the web,
EFF news, campaigns, and ways to support digital freedom.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
是否要接收相關 E-MAIL，這部分可以 N，接著會看到註冊成功文字。
No names were found in your configuration files. Please enter in your domain
name(s) (comma and/or space separated) (Enter 'c' to cancel):
這個是要輸入您的網域名稱，輸入「c」可以取消，這裡先以「example.com」替代，會看到以下回應：
Requesting a certificate for example.com
Performing the following challenges:
http-01 challenge for example.com
Enabled Apache rewrite module
Waiting for verification...
Cleaning up challenges
Created an SSL vhost at /etc/apache2/sites-available/000-default-le-ssl.conf
Enabled Apache socache_shmcb module
Enabled Apache ssl module
Deploying Certificate to VirtualHost /etc/apache2/sites-available/000-default-le-ssl.conf
Enabling available site: /etc/apache2/sites-available/000-default-le-ssl.conf
Enabled Apache rewrite module
Redirecting vhost in /etc/apache2/sites-enabled/000-default.conf to ssl vhost in /etc/apache2/sites-available/000-default-le-ssl.conf- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Congratulations! You have successfully enabled https://example.com
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -IMPORTANT NOTES:
- Congratulations! Your certificate and chain have been saved at:
/etc/letsencrypt/live/example.com/fullchain.pem
Your key file has been saved at:
/etc/letsencrypt/live/example.com/privkey.pem
Your certificate will expire on 2022-04-05. To obtain a new or
tweaked version of this certificate in the future, simply run
certbot again with the "certonly" option. To non-interactively
renew *all* of your certificates, run "certbot renew"
- If you like Certbot, please consider supporting our work by:Donating to ISRG / Let's Encrypt: https://letsencrypt.org/donate
Donating to EFF: https://eff.org/donate-le
到目前為止，CertBot 已經幫助您完成申請 SSL 憑證囉！文字中可以看到兩個重點，一是這個新憑證會在三個月後到期，二是這個憑證可以透過 certbot renew 指令更新憑證，但理論上 Certbot 程式包會附帶一個 cron 作業或 systemd 計時器，所以無需自行手動更新，它會自動更新憑證。由於現在憑證還很新，直接輸入指令會得到以下回應：
Saving debug log to /var/log/letsencrypt/letsencrypt.log
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Processing /etc/letsencrypt/renewal/example.com.conf
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Cert not yet due for renewal- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
The following certificates are not due for renewal yet:
/etc/letsencrypt/live/example.com/fullchain.pem expires on 2022-04-05 (skipped)
No renewals were attempted.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
以上文字就是不需要更新憑證的意思。若要模擬憑證更新，可以用 certbot renew --dry-run 指令，得到結果如下：
root@123a45bbcccc:/var/log/letsencrypt# certbot renew --dry-run
Saving debug log to /var/log/letsencrypt/letsencrypt.log- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Processing /etc/letsencrypt/renewal/example.com.conf
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Cert not due for renewal, but simulating renewal for dry run
Plugins selected: Authenticator apache, Installer apache
Account registered.
Simulating renewal of an existing certificate for example.com
Performing the following challenges:
http-01 challenge for example.com
Waiting for verification...
Cleaning up challenges- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
new certificate deployed with reload of apache server; fullchain is
/etc/letsencrypt/live/example.com/fullchain.pem
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Congratulations, all simulated renewals succeeded:
/etc/letsencrypt/live/example.com/fullchain.pem (success)
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
預設情況下 CertBot 會讓 HTTP 自動轉 HTTPS，但若不想要這樣，很簡單！只要到容器內的 /etc/apache2/sites-enabled，用文字編輯器打開 000-default.conf（推薦用 VIM），接著：
RewriteEngine on
RewriteCond %{SERVER_NAME} =example.com
RewriteRule ^ https://%{SERVER_NAME}%{REQUEST_URI} [END,NE,R=permanent]
改成
RewriteEngine off
RewriteCond %{SERVER_NAME} =example.com
RewriteRule ^ https://%{SERVER_NAME}%{REQUEST_URI} [END,NE,R=permanent]
或是直接將這三行移除也是OK的！設定檔改好後記得下 service apache2 restart 重新啟動伺服器以讓新設定生效喔！
希望這個圖文有幫助到大家！
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